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1 modern farming
seed farming — семенное хозяйство, семеноводство
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2 modern farming
современное ведение сельского хозяйстваБольшой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > modern farming
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3 modern farming
современное ведение с/хозяйстваАнгло-русский словарь экономических терминов > modern farming
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4 farming
1. n занятие сельским хозяйством; земледелие и животноводство2. n сдача в аренду, на откупСинонимический ряд:1. describing land (adj.) agrarian; country; describing land; rural; rustic2. operating a farm (noun) agriculture; agronomy; animal husbandry; cultivation; farm management; husbandry; operating a farm; ranching; soil culture; tillage -
5 farming
seed farming — семенное хозяйство, семеноводство
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6 farming
N1. खेतीHe uses modern methods of farming. -
7 subsistence farming
1. натуральное хозяйствоseed farming — семенное хозяйство, семеноводство
2. малорентабельное хозяйство -
8 arable farming
земледелие, хлебопашество; полеводство; зерновое хозяйство -
9 grain farming
seed farming — семенное хозяйство, семеноводство
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10 pasture farming
seed farming — семенное хозяйство, семеноводство
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11 power farming
seed farming — семенное хозяйство, семеноводство
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12 mixed farming
seed farming — семенное хозяйство, семеноводство
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13 series
ˈsɪəri:z сущ.;
мн. - series
1) а) ряд тж. мат.;
последовательность series of events ≈последовательность событий convergent series divergent series geometric series harmonic series - infinite series in series Syn: sequence б) серия, полоса (множество повторяющихся или схожих событий, фактов, эпизодов и т.п.) series of scandals ≈ серия скандалов series of articles devoted to modern farming methods ≈ подборка статей, посвященных современным методам ведения сельского хозяйства
2) а) выпуск, комплект, серия They do a series on modern architecture. ≈ Они выпускают серию книг по современной архитектуре. б) цикл;
сериал a new documentary series about the lives of servicemen ≈ новый цикл документальных передач о жизни военнослужащих
3) геол. свита, отдел;
группа, система
4) электр. последовательное соединение ряд (тж. мат.) - a * of years ряд лет - a * of brilliant statesmen плеяда блестящих государственных деятелей - infinite * бесконечный ряд - binomial * (математика) биномиальный ряд - in * по порядку;
последовательно - time * временной ряд (в статистике) серия, выпуск;
комплект;
группа - in a * of 40 lessons выпусками по 40 уроков - the men of letters * серия "великие писатели" - to complete a * закончить серию (геология) свита;
отдел, система (кинематографический) (телевидение) многосерийный фильм, в котором каждая серия составляет законченный эпизод (электротехника) последовательный - * connection последовательное соединение - * winding последовательная /сериесная/ обмотка сети bond ~ серия облигации by ~ сериями debenture ~ серия облигаций компании geometric ~ мат. геометрический ряд government loan ~ серия государственного займа historical ~ вчт. временной ряд in ~ последовательно, по порядку independent ~ вчт. независимый ряд leading bond ~ серия основной облигации matrix ~ матричный ряд multivariate time ~ многомерный временной ряд nonstationary time ~ нестационарный временной ряд number ~ мат. числовой ряд open ~ открытый ряд ordered ~ упорядоченный ряд ordinary ~ обычная серия publisher's ~ издательская серия random ~ случайный ряд series комплект ~ набор ~ партия изделий ~ эл. последовательное соединение ~ ряд, серия, выпуск, комплект, партия (изделий) ~ (pl без измен.) ряд;
серия;
a series of stamps (coins) серия марок (монет) ;
a series of misfortunes полоса неудач ~ ряд ~ геол. свита, отдел;
группа, система ~ серия ~ of certificates серия сертификатов ~ of events вчт. последовательность событий ~ of losses последовательность убытков ~ (pl без измен.) ряд;
серия;
a series of stamps (coins) серия марок (монет) ;
a series of misfortunes полоса неудач ~ of options опционная серия ~ of payments последовательность платежей ~ (pl без измен.) ряд;
серия;
a series of stamps (coins) серия марок (монет) ;
a series of misfortunes полоса неудач ~ of transfers последовательность перечислений( денежных средств) smoothed ~ сглаженный ряд stationary time ~ стационарный временной ряд statistical ~ статистический ряд statistical time ~ статистический временной ряд stochastically lagged time ~ стохастически смещенный ряд time ~ временной ряд trend-free time ~ временной ряд с исключенным трендом truncated ~ усеченный ряд univariate time ~ одномерный временной ряд variational ~ вариационный ряд world ~ pl амер. ежегодный чемпионат США по бейсболу -
14 education
education [‚edʒʊ'keɪʃən]1 noun(a) (teaching) enseignement m;∎ a classical/scientific education une formation classique/scientifique;∎ he has had a good education il a reçu une bonne instruction;∎ to get oneself an education faire des études;∎ he never completed his education il n'a jamais fini ou terminé ses études;∎ the education of poor countries in modern farming techniques la formation des pays pauvres aux techniques agricoles modernes;∎ to have or to receive a good education recevoir une bonne éducation ou formation;∎ she completed her education in Italy elle a terminé ses études en Italie;∎ standards of education niveau m scolaire;∎ it was an education cela m'a beaucoup appris; humorous c'était très édifiant(b) (learning) éducation f;∎ a man without education un homme sans éducation;∎ to have gaps in one's education avoir des lacunes dans son éducation(costs, budget) de l'éducation►► Education Act ≃ réforme f (de l'Éducation);British education authority ≃ académie f régionale;Press education correspondent correspondant(e) m,f chargé(e) des problèmes d'enseignement;education supplement supplément m éducation;the education system le système éducatif -
15 slash and burn culture
- вырубка и сжигание леса как метод увеличения сельскохозяйственных площадей
вырубка и сжигание леса как метод увеличения сельскохозяйственных площадей
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[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
slash and burn culture
A traditional farming system that has been used by generations of farmers in tropical forests and the savannah of north and east Africa. It is known to be an ecologically sound form of cultivation, and because the soil is poor in tropical rain forests it is a sustainable method of farming. It is still practised today, primarily in the developing countries. Small areas of bush or forests are cleared and the smaller trees burned. This unlocks the nutrients in the vegetation and gives the soil fertilizer that is easily taken up by plants. A few years later the soil is degraded and the farmer moves on to do the same at another site. The original ground is left fallow for anything up to 20 years so that the forest can regenerate. With the growth in population and in the subsequent need for more farming land to produce food, the method is increasingly being used today to clear large areas of tropical forests for cattle ranching, and in most cases the ground is not left fallow for long enough and, with modern mechanized farming systems, not enough tree stumps or suitable habitats for plant life are left to start the regeneration process. (Source: WRIGHT)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
EN
DE
FR
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > slash and burn culture
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16 technique
nтехника; технические приемы; метод; технологияto adopt techniques and technologies to local requirements — применять технику и технологию к местным требованиям
- conventional construction techniquesto obtain techniques — овладевать техническими приемами / методами
- data processing technique
- development planning techniques
- evaluation technique
- farming technique
- fertility regulation techniques
- fight to master technique
- forecast technique
- forecasting technique
- improved techniques
- industrial techniques
- inspection technique
- investment promotion techniques
- labor-intensive techniques
- latest technique
- management techniques
- manufacturing techniques
- marketing techniques
- modern communication techniques
- monitoring techniques
- negotiating technique
- planning techniques
- poor technique
- production techniques
- project evaluation technique
- research technique
- safeguards techniques
- safety technique
- should cost technique
- space techniques
- struggle to master technique
- up-to-date techniques
- verification techniques -
17 Empire, Portuguese overseas
(1415-1975)Portugal was the first Western European state to establish an early modern overseas empire beyond the Mediterranean and perhaps the last colonial power to decolonize. A vast subject of complexity that is full of myth as well as debatable theories, the history of the Portuguese overseas empire involves the story of more than one empire, the question of imperial motives, the nature of Portuguese rule, and the results and consequences of empire, including the impact on subject peoples as well as on the mother country and its society, Here, only the briefest account of a few such issues can be attempted.There were various empires or phases of empire after the capture of the Moroccan city of Ceuta in 1415. There were at least three Portuguese empires in history: the First empire (1415-1580), the Second empire (1580-1640 and 1640-1822), and the Third empire (1822-1975).With regard to the second empire, the so-called Phillipine period (1580-1640), when Portugal's empire was under Spanish domination, could almost be counted as a separate era. During that period, Portugal lost important parts of its Asian holdings to England and also sections of its colonies of Brazil, Angola, and West Africa to Holland's conquests. These various empires could be characterized by the geography of where Lisbon invested its greatest efforts and resources to develop territories and ward off enemies.The first empire (1415-1580) had two phases. First came the African coastal phase (1415-97), when the Portuguese sought a foothold in various Moroccan cities but then explored the African coast from Morocco to past the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa. While colonization and sugar farming were pursued in the Atlantic islands, as well as in the islands in the Gulf of Guinea like São Tomé and Príncipe, for the most part the Portuguese strategy was to avoid commitments to defending or peopling lands on the African continent. Rather, Lisbon sought a seaborne trade empire, in which the Portuguese could profit from exploiting trade and resources (such as gold) along the coasts and continue exploring southward to seek a sea route to Portuguese India. The second phase of the first empire (1498-1580) began with the discovery of the sea route to Asia, thanks to Vasco da Gama's first voyage in 1497-99, and the capture of strong points, ports, and trading posts in order to enforce a trade monopoly between Asia and Europe. This Asian phase produced the greatest revenues of empire Portugal had garnered, yet ended when Spain conquered Portugal and commanded her empire as of 1580.Portugal's second overseas empire began with Spanish domination and ran to 1822, when Brazil won her independence from Portugal. This phase was characterized largely by Brazilian dominance of imperial commitment, wealth in minerals and other raw materials from Brazil, and the loss of a significant portion of her African and Asian coastal empire to Holland and Great Britain. A sketch of Portugal's imperial losses either to native rebellions or to imperial rivals like Britain and Holland follows:• Morocco (North Africa) (sample only)Arzila—Taken in 1471; evacuated in 1550s; lost to Spain in 1580, which returned city to a sultan.Ceuta—Taken in 1415; lost to Spain in 1640 (loss confirmed in 1668 treaty with Spain).• Tangiers—Taken in 15th century; handed over to England in 1661 as part of Catherine of Braganza's dowry to King Charles II.• West Africa• Fort/Castle of São Jorge da Mina, Gold Coast (in what is now Ghana)—Taken in 1480s; lost to Holland in 1630s.• Middle EastSocotra-isle—Conquered in 1507; fort abandoned in 1511; used as water resupply stop for India fleet.Muscat—Conquered in 1501; lost to Persians in 1650.Ormuz—Taken, 1505-15 under Albuquerque; lost to England, which gave it to Persia in the 17th century.Aden (entry to Red Sea) — Unsuccessfully attacked by Portugal (1513-30); taken by Turks in 1538.• India• Ceylon (Sri Lanka)—Taken by 1516; lost to Dutch after 1600.• Bombay—Taken in 16th century; given to England in 1661 treaty as part of Catherine of Braganza's dowry for Charles II.• East Indies• Moluccas—Taken by 1520; possession confirmed in 1529 Saragossa treaty with Spain; lost to Dutch after 1600; only East Timor remaining.After the restoration of Portuguese independence from Spain in 1640, Portugal proceeded to revive and strengthen the Anglo- Portuguese Alliance, with international aid to fight off further Spanish threats to Portugal and drive the Dutch invaders out of Brazil and Angola. While Portugal lost its foothold in West Africa at Mina to the Dutch, dominion in Angola was consolidated. The most vital part of the imperial economy was a triangular trade: slaves from West Africa and from the coasts of Congo and Angola were shipped to plantations in Brazil; raw materials (sugar, tobacco, gold, diamonds, dyes) were sent to Lisbon; Lisbon shipped Brazil colonists and hardware. Part of Portugal's War of Restoration against Spain (1640-68) and its reclaiming of Brazil and Angola from Dutch intrusions was financed by the New Christians (Jews converted to Christianity after the 1496 Manueline order of expulsion of Jews) who lived in Portugal, Holland and other low countries, France, and Brazil. If the first empire was mainly an African coastal and Asian empire, the second empire was primarily a Brazilian empire.Portugal's third overseas empire began upon the traumatic independence of Brazil, the keystone of the Lusitanian enterprise, in 1822. The loss of Brazil greatly weakened Portugal both as a European power and as an imperial state, for the scattered remainder of largely coastal, poor, and uncolonized territories that stretched from the bulge of West Africa to East Timor in the East Indies and Macau in south China were more of a financial liability than an asset. Only two small territories balanced their budgets occasionally or made profits: the cocoa islands of São Tomé and Príncipe in the Gulf of Guinea and tiny Macau, which lost much of its advantage as an entrepot between the West and the East when the British annexed neighboring Hong Kong in 1842. The others were largely burdens on the treasury. The African colonies were strapped by a chronic economic problem: at a time when the slave trade and then slavery were being abolished under pressures from Britain and other Western powers, the economies of Guinea- Bissau, São Tomé/Príncipe, Angola, and Mozambique were totally dependent on revenues from the slave trade and slavery. During the course of the 19th century, Lisbon began a program to reform colonial administration in a newly rejuvenated African empire, where most of the imperial efforts were expended, by means of replacing the slave trade and slavery, with legitimate economic activities.Portugal participated in its own early version of the "Scramble" for Africa's interior during 1850-69, but discovered that the costs of imperial expansion were too high to allow effective occupation of the hinterlands. After 1875, Portugal participated in the international "Scramble for Africa" and consolidated its holdings in west and southern Africa, despite the failure of the contra-costa (to the opposite coast) plan, which sought to link up the interiors of Angola and Mozambique with a corridor in central Africa. Portugal's expansion into what is now Malawi, Zambia, and Zimbabwe (eastern section) in 1885-90 was thwarted by its oldest ally, Britain, under pressure from interest groups in South Africa, Scotland, and England. All things considered, Portugal's colonizing resources and energies were overwhelmed by the African empire it possessed after the frontier-marking treaties of 1891-1906. Lisbon could barely administer the massive area of five African colonies, whose total area comprised about 8 percent of the area of the colossal continent. The African territories alone were many times the size of tiny Portugal and, as of 1914, Portugal was the third colonial power in terms of size of area possessed in the world.The politics of Portugal's empire were deceptive. Lisbon remained obsessed with the fear that rival colonial powers, especially Germany and Britain, would undermine and then dismantle her African empire. This fear endured well into World War II. In developing and keeping her potentially rich African territories (especially mineral-rich Angola and strategically located Mozambique), however, the race against time was with herself and her subject peoples. Two major problems, both chronic, prevented Portugal from effective colonization (i.e., settling) and development of her African empire: the economic weakness and underdevelopment of the mother country and the fact that the bulk of Portuguese emigration after 1822 went to Brazil, Venezuela, the United States, and France, not to the colonies. These factors made it difficult to consolidate imperial control until it was too late; that is, until local African nationalist movements had organized and taken the field in insurgency wars that began in three of the colonies during the years 1961-64.Portugal's belated effort to revitalize control and to develop, in the truest sense of the word, Angola and Mozambique after 1961 had to be set against contemporary events in Europe, Africa, and Asia. While Portugal held on to a backward empire, other European countries like Britain, France, and Belgium were rapidly decolonizing their empires. Portugal's failure or unwillingness to divert the large streams of emigrants to her empire after 1850 remained a constant factor in this question. Prophetic were the words of the 19th-century economist Joaquim Oliveira Martins, who wrote in 1880 that Brazil was a better colony for Portugal than Africa and that the best colony of all would have been Portugal itself. As of the day of the Revolution of 25 April 1974, which sparked the final process of decolonization of the remainder of Portugal's third overseas empire, the results of the colonization program could be seen to be modest compared to the numbers of Portuguese emigrants outside the empire. Moreover, within a year, of some 600,000 Portuguese residing permanently in Angola and Mozambique, all but a few thousand had fled to South Africa or returned to Portugal.In 1974 and 1975, most of the Portuguese empire was decolonized or, in the case of East Timor, invaded and annexed by a foreign power before it could consolidate its independence. Only historic Macau, scheduled for transfer to the People's Republic of China in 1999, remained nominally under Portuguese control as a kind of footnote to imperial history. If Portugal now lacked a conventional overseas empire and was occupied with the challenges of integration in the European Union (EU), Lisbon retained another sort of informal dependency that was a new kind of empire: the empire of her scattered overseas Portuguese communities from North America to South America. Their numbers were at least six times greater than that of the last settlers of the third empire.Historical dictionary of Portugal > Empire, Portuguese overseas
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18 science
science ['saɪəns]1 noun(UNCOUNT) science f;∎ modern science la science moderne;∎ she studied science elle a fait des études de science ou scientifiques;∎ I've always been interested in science j'ai toujours été intéressé par les sciences;∎ farming is becoming more and more of a science l'agriculture devient de plus en plus scientifique(exam) de science; (teacher) de science, de sciences; (student) en sciences; (lab, subject) scientifique►► science fiction science-fiction f;science park parc m scientifique;Science Research Council = Conseil de la recherche scientifique
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